Library structure
Bitcoin Core compilation outputs a number of libraries, some which are designed to be used internally, and some which are designed to be re-used by external applications. The internally-used libraries generally have unstable APIs making them unsuitable for re-use, but libbitcoin_consensus and libbitcoin_kernel are designed to be re-used by external applications.
Bitcoin Core has a guide which describes the various libraries, their conventions, and their various dependencies. The dependency graph is shown below for convenience, but may not be up-to-date with the Bitcoin Core document.
It follows that API changes to the libraries which are internally-facing can be done slightly easier than for libraries with externally-facing APIs, for which more care for compatibility must be taken.